Visa’s process introduces four dispute categories and associated numerical labels (Fraud – 10, Authorization – 11, Processing Errors – 12, Consumer Disputes – 13) under which the renamed reason codes will be placed. Chargeback time frames - A specific period during which a chargeback can be raised. There are set rules in place for Discover to streamline transaction disputes and chargeback disputes: Customers have 120 days to dispute a transaction. Poor order shipping: Not shipping goods or delivering services as promised, shipping to the wrong address, or not making the goods available. Reason Codes 74. The reason_code will be one of the following values: chargeback_reimbursement: The gross shows positive if the chargeback was resolved in the seller's favor, and the seller gets a refund. Learn in detail about the dispute reason codes and documents required for representation. Reason codes are alphanumeric codes that provide the justification for granting a chargeback. Reason codes are alphanumeric codes that provide the justification for granting a chargeback. Visa has recently announced changes to its chargeback rules. The Mastercard chargeback reason codes were condensed down in 2016, like the process that Visa just underwent with Visa Claims Resolution. The list of chargeback reason codes in this article is organized by card brand and type of dispute. 11/03/15 Updated these MasterCard. 2 – EMV Liability Shift Non-Counterfeit Fraud 10. chargeback_settlement: The gross shows negative if the chargeback was resolved in the buyer's favor, and the funds return to the buyer. Reason Code North-America: Canada and United States of America; Reason Code: All other countries;. 5 Removed unused Visa (60) and Discover (4580) Chargeback Codes Added Section 1. On that note, below are some vendor missteps that could result in Visa reason code 13. Chargeback Reason Codes and Descriptions. For those facing a lower chargeback volume, however, alerts might not provide a positive ROI. A chargeback is a return of money to a payer of a transaction, especially a credit card transaction. This code is used when a cardholder claims that a fraudulent transaction occurred in a face-to-face environment, such as a retail store. This list was generated 5/4/2022. Both EFM and ECM measure compliance at the MID level. Reason code 13. Always ask for authorization regardless of the transaction amount. About American Express chargeback reason codes. A chargeback reason code is a 2-to-4-digit alphanumeric code given by the issuing bank tangled in a chargeback. It can range from 60 to 120 days from the billing date. In most cases, though, cardholders have 120 days after the original purchase date to dispute the charge. Mastercard Chargeback Reason Code 70: Chip Liability Shift. Declined Authorization Authorization Visa Code: 11. 15% - the number of chargebacks initiated by cardholders due to retailers shipping the wrong product. Either the dispute must be processed within 120 calendar days of: the transaction processing date, or. Clerical In addition to Reason Codes changing as a result of the VCR program, each Reason Code is now associated with a new Reason Category. Scenario 2. Whenever a chargeback is initiated, a code is passed through from the issuing bank that gives a reason for the dispute. • Clarified support required to request a Chargeback Reversal for Credit not processed (ISO 4513) / Goods/ services returned or refused (C04). Cause. In simple terms, Mastercard Chargeback Reason Code 4859 — No Show/Addendum/ATM Dispute refers to situations where a customer claims the services purchased from a merchant were not fulfilled. For card-absent transactions, use all Visa tools, including AVS, CVV2, Visa Secure, and more, to reduce instances of fraud. Each code corresponds to an issue or problem. 2 address the specific dispute reason with the documents you send. Use pre-sale fraud detection service providers that can help verify the cardholder’s identity, detect potential criminal activity, and reduce the risk of accepting unauthorized transaction. All chargebacks start with a customer making a purchase in person, in an app, or online. Attempted to process transactions fraudulently. American Express Chargebacks / Disputes. Reason Codes Category 1: Authorization. Now, compliance cases go through Visa Resolve Online (VROL). 65% with at least 75 total disputes. Description. Reason codes vary by card brand. 3. Additionally, Amex uses a fifth "Miscellaneous" category. Visa also overhauled its system of chargeback reason codes. If a no-authorization claim is based on merchant activity, there are steps the merchant should take to avoid a recurrence. Each card network maintains reason codes to cover all the disputes that qualify for. 4: Other Fraud–Card-Absent Environment. Merchants are hit twice when it comes to paying for chargebacks. Click below to request a free demonstration, and we’ll create a customized report showing exactly how much ROI you can expect. [1] Sift. UA01 Fraud – Card Present Transaction. Visa’s 22 chargeback reason codes will be merged into client disputes – fraud, authorization, processing errors, and four guidelines. 2 may be able to represent the transaction and reverse the chargeback with the right compelling evidence. Specify the default reason code to. The average chargeback fee is around $25. 1 Merchandise/Services Not Received . A chargeback happens when a customer asks their card-issuing bank to reverse a transaction. Assemble Your Evidence. 0 initiative to update compelling evidence requirements for dispute reason code 10. Pursuant to the Fair Credit Billing Act of 1974, cardholders have the right to dispute unauthorized or erroneous charges, and issuing banks must reverse a disputed transaction if the cardholder’s claim. A chargeback happens when a customer requests for a transaction to be. compliance process depending on whether a chargeback right exists. The time limits for responding to a chargeback also vary based on the card scheme and the chargeback reason code. 3: Not as Described or Defective Merchandise/Services A chargeback reason code is a 2-to-4-digit alphanumeric code provided by the issuing bank involved in a chargeback, which is meant to identify the reason for the dispute. We want to clarify: this doesn’t imply that a transaction ID can reliably prevent chargebacks and fraud. 3 is the less common version for card-present transactions. It should ultimately help prevent fraud and unwarranted chargebacks, specifically applying to disputes marked with a Visa reason code 10. MasterCard does not have a reason code that exactly matches Visa’s 86. 1 falls under the “Processing Errors” category. A credit card chargeback is when a bank returns money to you because a credit card charge was fraudulent or you bought something online that wasn’t delivered or was. These symbols stand for reasons why a financial institution may file a credit card chargeback from their client’s name. [noun]/* chahrj • bak • rə • pôrt/. 4: Other fraud: Card-absent environment: VCR Dispute Reason Code 13. Chargebacks911 offers the most comprehensive chargeback management system available, backed by the industry's only performance-based ROI guarantee. • Section 4: Chargeback Reason Codes—Contains detailed information on the reason codes for the most common types of chargebacks that merchants receive. 102. A chargeback reason code is a two- or four-digit alphanumeric code issuing banks assign to disputes. The most popular type of disputes of the chargeback category. Duplicate Processing - 81Depending on the chargeback, the required evidence might consist of transaction receipts, particular authorization response codes, proof of delivery, correspondence with the customer, or any number of other specific documents. Chargeback Reason Code Quick Reference Guide. A risk department can accurately analyze what the issue is with their merchant by seeing the individual reason code,” Cirone explained. The chargeback process can last from one month to six months. The merchant didn’t: Issue a refund for canceled or returned merchandise. 0 hour of labor. 5%. See moreAmerican Express chargeback reason code C14 falls under the “Card Member Disputes” category. Include any terms relevant to the transaction, including return, cancellation and. While you obviously don’t want customers to cancel their service, a cancelation is far better than a chargeback. Codes are not often shared between issuers which means it can be difficult to remember the details of each. 2. Because it’s so easy for customers to initiate a chargeback, retailers are bound to experience a request at some. ACH return codes are a type of shorthand for specific information concerning the return, much like the card decline codes or dispute reason codes used by credit card networks. The cardholder couldn't recognize the purchase description on the billing statement. There are plenty of reasons as to why this would happen, hence the many. The date the merchandise was returned. Batch chargeback process. FR6 Partial Immediate Chargeback Program. CARDeposit is a long-running American Express program. There are multiple situations in which this can occur. Visa chargeback reason codes. Each card issuer follows their own standards for defining reason type, code and its format. It’s even more frustrating if you don’t understand what the chargeback code means. Did not issue a credit, because it does not accept returns, but did not properly disclose its return policy. Most commonly the payer is a consumer. 103. These reason codes. Amex uses the same four main categories as Visa to organize its reason codes: Authorization, Card Member Disputes (which Visa refers to as Consumer Disputes), Fraud, and Processing Errors. Eligible Chargeback Reason Codes . Please refer to chapter 5 for more information. An issuer can initiate a first chargeback when the circumstances of the transaction meet the requirement of a chargeback reason code described in the Chargeback Guide. 2=1020 etc. Visa uses chargeback Reason Code 86 to designate chargebacks resulting when the card issuer receives a written complaint from the cardholder stating that the payment for the transaction at issue was made by other means, not with the credit card that was charged. Only an issuer can initiate the chargeback process. Your business may not have to handle all chargeback cases — the processor will provide automatic representation in some instances. There are two parts to this. 4841 Canceled Recurring or Digital Goods Transactions. Bank of America issues both Mastercard- and Visa-branded cards, so the exact requirements may vary depending on the Mastercard reason code or Visa reason code . The code can be used in multiple specific situations; when necessary, an additional message will be provided along with the reason code to inform the merchant which particular type of chargeback. If you've determined the chargeback is meritless, and you know the reason code, below are the five stages of an effective chargeback representment. The diagnosis time and labor rates at auto repair shops vary. The first thing you should do when you receive a chargeback notification is to check the reason code that the card issuer assigns to the dispute. 9% and 100 chargebacks per month], you can get into the excessive chargeback program, which can cause penalties of up to $50 per chargeback. The Allocation workflow applies to any chargeback assigned a “Fraud” or “Authorization”. Here are some chargeback reason codes by card type. However, it is important to note that this reason code is based on the reason given by the customer to their bank. The agency must provide this documentation to Vantiv (via mail, fax, online/scanning) within 30 calendar days after the report date on the Visa/MasterCard. 4854 Cardholder Dispute—Not Elsewhere Classified (U. Here’s a step-by-step guide: Step 1: Get notification and login. Try Shopify free for 3 days, no credit card required. A major reason is that TC40 reports do not account for delivery failures or product quality disputes. Paymentology will submit the chargeback using the appropriate chargeback reason code. When a customer who's enrolled with 3-D Secure from their bank initiates a purchase, the tool will deploy during the checkout. M01 Chargeback Authorization. Mastercard Chargeback Reason Code 71: Disputed Amount. 1: Services not provided or merchandise not received: VCR Dispute Reason Code 13. For more information on these and other updates, check out our complete chargeback reason. The standard chargeback process involves eight steps: Retrieval request: The card-issuing bank requests that the acquiring bank provide additional information for a given transaction. Once filed, the merchant generally has 20. As a merchant, you face the brunt of chargeback losses. About Us; Careers We're hiring! In The Press; Latest News; Events; Corporate Responsibility; Brand Resources; Contact Us. May 2011: 5. This can be transaction receipts, proof of. Reason Code North-America: Canada and United States of America; Reason Code: All other countries;. 1 - Late Presentment. In both instances if the Merchant wishes to withdraw from an arbitration case, Visa will charge the amount of 500. 1=1010, 10. UniBul August 16, 2010 Credit Card Processing Blog 0 Comments. As part of its move to support card-not-present merchants and airlines, Visa made changes to the compelling evidence requirements for four key reason codes: Reason Code 30: Services Not Provided or Merchandise Not Received. Chargeback management describes all of the ways in which merchants can deal with fraud and disputes that result in payment reversals. 2 – EMV Liability Shift Non-Counterfeit Fraud. For all other transactions, the maximum amount of. Transaction not authorised – the Card Issuing Company is stating that an authorisation code was required for the transaction, but it was not obtained. C08 = Goods/Services not received or only partially received. Chargeback reason code 10. C14 Paid by Other Means; C18 “No Show” or CARDeposit Canceled; C28 Canceled Recurring Billing;American Express chargeback reason codes, much like Discover, bear one important difference from those under Visa and Mastercard: the issuing bank is also the card network. Fraudulent Activity. Chargebacks911® can help your business manage risk from Visa chargeback reason code 10. Depending on the bank, chargeback fees can range anywhere from $20 to $100. 12. This may be done by either the merchant or the issuing bank. Mastercard: Reason Code 4859 Service not rendered. Identify issues within 24 hours of a cardholder dispute, rather than waiting. Reason code 12. Cause. 4 Other Fraud Card Absent. Proof that the chargeback is invalid because it doesn’t adhere to Mastercard requirements. Merchants in the credit repair industry can fight chargebacks by keeping thorough records, including signed service agreements, invoices, receipts, and records of any communication with customers. 9808 [email protected] who receive a chargeback for a transaction placed with an American Express card may encounter reason code FR2, which indicates an unauthorized charge that the cardholder does not believe they should be responsible for paying. 6. Because it’s so easy for customers to initiate a chargeback, retailers are bound to experience a request at. Not remembering the original purchase. 5 Categories of Visa Chargeback Reason Codes. In 2021, 43 percent of companies identified customer service delays as a top reason for their increase in chargebacks. The charge you submitted did not receive a valid authorization approval code for the amount of the charge. Chargeback Reason Codes; Chargeback Rebuttal Letters; Credit Card Dispute; Visa Chargeback Reason Codes; Mastercard Reason Codes; CONTACT. There are over 80 unique return codes, and each one represents a different type of return. The chargeback transfers funds from the acquirer to the issuer. If the CID doesn’t match, merchants generally prompt the Card Member to re-enter it. Card Recovery Bulletin Authorization Visa Code: 11. MasterCard chargeback reason codes are a set of four digits beginning with the 48xx. For best results, your chargeback win rate should be as close to 100% as possible. UA06 Fraud – Chip and PIN Transaction. This can provide important information to fight the dispute. The new codes, which can be found in our reason code guide, start with a two-digit number indicating which of Visa's four dispute categories it falls into: 10 — Fraud; 11 — Authorization; 12 — Processing Errors; 13 — Consumer Disputes; The Visa Claims. The transaction was recurring and the cardholder failed to meet the cancellation terms of the. The shorthand description is “Paid by Other Means. Chargeback reason codes are set by the card networks and used by card issuers to categorize chargebacks. Chargeback reason codes were created to standardize the list of acceptable reasons why a bank may file a credit card chargeback or debit chargeback on their customer’s. • Chargeback Reason Code – Each chargeback contains a reason code that signifies the reason for the dispute and the rules that must be followed by the issuer and the merchant in order to resolve the dispute. Justt offers an end-to. C02 = Credit not processed. 4 applies to eCommerce, whereas code 10. The charge you submitted did not receive a valid authorization approval code for the amount of the. Time and Labor. Invalid Reasons for a Dispute Updated August 23, 2023. They also can’t prevent the lost sales revenue and merchandise resulting from a consumer dispute. Under “Transaction History,” tap the transaction you want to dispute, then tap “Report an Issue. Chargeback reason code 75 is issued when a card issuer receives a complaint from a cardholder stating that the name of the merchant that. A chargeback can be initiated up to 120 days—but not more than 540 days—of one of the following events: The date the transaction was processed. Eventually the existing chargeback reason codes won't be used and will be removed from this guide. This Chargeback Reason Code has to do with all. WEX has repurposed chargeback reason code 10 to indicate EMV chargebacks. What is Visa chargeback reason code 12. Betty's issuing bank assigned chargeback reason code 10. We’ll send you a notification, request for relevant information, and temporarily hold the transaction funds. Visa groups its chargeback codes into four main categories—fraud, authorization, processing errors, and customer disputes. C08 – Goods / Services Not Received or Only Partially Received. MasterCard chargeback reason code 4540. Reason codes are alphanumeric codes that provide the justification for granting a chargeback. However, the “recruiter” claims the equipment must be bought from a specific source at a provided Zelle address. It’s a 3-digit alphanumeric shorthand attached to a returned ACH transaction explaining why an ACH transfer is reversed. 105. A Product Not Delivered chargeback means the customer believes they did not receive the goods or services they purchased. The reason codes are grouped into several broad. ️ Take quick action. 9% with at least 100 total disputes. Reason codes vary by card brand. American Express: Reason Code C08 Goods or services. com Europe. The goal is to reduce ‘friendly’ fraud chargebacks, helping sellers protect more of their hard-earned revenue. According to Nilson, 56% of global card transactions were done on Visa in 2015. C14 - Paid by Other Means. 6: Credit not. 1 chargeback: 1. Additionally, Amex uses a fifth "Miscellaneous" category. Learn more about Visa reason codes. Typically, cardholders file a chargeback if they were not informed of dynamic currency conversion fees or were not given the option to complete the sale in their local currency. C14. 3 DUE DATE American Express chargeback reason code C31 falls under the “Card Member Disputes” category. Documentation must be a direct result of cardholder communication. 3 is an updated version of legacy Visa reason code 72, which was phased out under the Visa Claims Resolution initiative. A TC40 data claim occurs when a customer makes a fraud claim against a merchant. NOTE: Domestic Processing Violations are not a covered reason under new Visa chargeback codes. UA02 Fraud – Card Not Present Transaction. The merchant processed a transaction the cardholder wasn't a part of. Each chargeback reason code has its own set of specific documentation requirements so merchants should familiarize. The post below contains legacy information pertaining to the formerly-common Visa chargeback reason code 75. The Chargeback Reason Codes are alphanumeric key codes provided to the merchant and that comes along with the chargeback request. The transaction amount and authorization number (ARN. The merchant processed a random account number and didn't obtain the owner's authorization. Chargeback Report. Review your credit card processor’s policies to understand its chargeback dispute process. Complaint reason_code values include: not_as_described: The buyer claims that the goods or services received differ from the merchant's description of the goods or services. The chargeback timeline can be based on one of several start dates: If the delivery date or service performance date was not specified, the issuer must wait at least 30 calendar days after the transaction processing date to initiate the chargeback but not exceed 120 calendar days. 0. Chargeback reason code description – An explanation which provides the reason of raising a chargeback by the cardholder. This code applies when valid authorization for a transaction was. To do so, they must provide evidence to the issuing bank that the. MASTERCARD Reason Code Description 01 Requested Transaction Data Not Received. Chargeback Reason Codes; BIN Lookup; ROI Tool; Company. Merchants who believe they have received an invalid chargeback under reason code 13. One of two things will happen next. The cashier doesn’t realize that the payment went through and also accepted the debit card. While the updates have been published, they do not go into effect until Oct. They are provided to the merchant by the issuing bank, and they help all involved parties categorize disputes and determine next steps. On xx/xx/xxxx, we received a chargeback under the reason code 11. These chargebacks occur to resolve chargeback-related disputes between network members. 4853 – Cardholder Dispute – Goods or Services Not as Described or Defective. A reason code or a chargeback reason code is a string of symbols (numbers and letters). Here’s how your store can prevent and deal with chargebacks. Chargebacks. Everything You Need to Know (2023) Shopify POS has everything you need to sell in person, backed by everything you need to sell online. There are a number of chargeback reason codes that are dedicated specifically to transaction errors. 4853 Cardholder Dispute. 1. What is Visa Reason Code 11. Use pre-sale fraud detection service providers that can help verify the cardholder’s identity, detect potential criminal activity, and reduce the risk of accepting unauthorized transaction. Time Frames by Chargeback Type and Reason Code. Chargeback reason codes have changed. Reason Code 53 Re-presentment Conditions. UA02 Fraud – Card Not Present Transaction. Clearly differentiate between card-present and card-absent transactions by noting mail, phone, and internet. 4860 Credit Not Processed. Look below the surface. 3: Not as described or defective merchandise: VCR Dispute Reason Code 13. Learn the details, the cause, how to respond and how to prevent Visa Reason Code 13. Here’s a comprehensive list of Mastercard chargeback reason codes that you might see on your screen: 4807: Warning Bulletin File. If more information is needed, you’ll either receive an Inquiry or a Chargeback. The cardholder claims either that the merchandise was never received, or the services purchased were not provided. The cost to diagnose the C0114 code is 1. The reason_code will be one of the following values: chargeback_reimbursement: The gross shows positive if the chargeback was resolved in the seller's favor, and the seller gets a refund. For MasterCard reason code 4853, provide documentation to support that the chargeback is remedied or invalid through one of the following: The transaction was not a recurring transaction. chargeback_settlement: The gross shows negative if the chargeback was resolved in the buyer's favor, and the funds return to the buyer. CHARGEBACK REASON CODESThis chargeback reason code can be avoided by ensuring that returns are processed promptly and accurately, and that the customer is informed of any credits issued. 2 falls under the “Processing Errors” category. Mastercard issuers use merchant advice codes to respond to authorization requests, and as a communication tool with merchants regarding a cardholder's account. Chargebacks911® can help your business manage all aspects of chargeback reason codes, using proprietary technologies and experience. Both Visa and MasterCard use special Reason Codes to designate chargebacks resulting from a late deposit of credit card transactions. Technical. C04 = Goods/Services returned or refused. Cardholder-Activated Terminal (CAT) 3 Device. The most common cause, though, is that the cardholder initially paid for a transaction with a Visa card, then decided to use. Reason Code 53 chargeback can be re-presented in one of the following circumstances: chargeback is invalid or a credit was processed. Most acquiring banks put a timeframe on when customers can initiate a chargeback for a purchase. For U. the transaction adjustment date for an ATM cash disbursement or PIN-authenticated debit transaction. One thing that TC40 and SAFE reports cannot be used for is keeping tabs on chargebacks. The terminal action codes are in Table 122 of the 4. Pursuant to the Fair Credit Billing Act of 1974, cardholders have the right to dispute unauthorized or erroneous charges, and issuing banks must reverse a disputed transaction if the cardholder’s claim. Step #2 | Report the Scam to PayPal. 4? Visa chargeback reason code 12. Reason code 4853 falls under the broad category “Cardholder Dispute,” meaning the cardholder is saying something about the transaction is wrong. 2 Added chapter providing information about the Discover• Rule changes for chargeback reason codes involving unjust enrichment associated with credits issued before or after a chargeback and/or after a second presentment. ”. Chargeback Reason Codes Retrieval Reason Codes 78 Int'l only Service Violation Code Discover 4541 AP 4586 AW 4755 RG 4553 RM 8002 RN2 Altered Amount Non-Receipt of Goods or Services0Cardholder Disputes Quality of Goods or Services MasterCard;45 Days from the central processing date of the transaction120 Days from the central processing. 3 - Incorrect Currency . Then it chooses the most applicable code for a. American Express is incentivized to keep their customers happy. Chargeback reason American Express reason code Discover reason code Mastercard reason code Visa reason code; Cancelled subscription: C28: NF: 4841: 13. Chargeback Reason Codes List for Mastercard Chargeback Code Chargeback Reason 4801 Requested Transaction Data Not Received 4802 Requested / Required Information Illegible or Missing 4807 Warning Bulletin File 4808 Requested / Required Authorisation Not Obtained 4812 Account Number Not on File 4831 Transaction Amount Differs 4834 Duplicate. The shorthand description is “Paid by Other Means. There are no format changes to the sales file specification; there are additional values added to the sales file to designate chip card transactions. The chargeback system is built around reason codes, but as it turns out, those codes are notoriously inaccurate at showing the true source behind a claim. If you're contesting a chargeback, you'll need solid evidence. Visa chargeback codes are broken up into four categories: Fraudulent activity; Authorization issues; Processing errors; Customer disputes; Fraudulent activity American Express chargeback reason codes, much like Discover, bear one important difference from those under Visa and Mastercard: the issuing bank is also the card network. Here’s a look at the reason codes for the same scenario from the major credit card companies: Visa: Reason Code 30 Services not provided or merchandise not received. The shorthand description is "'No Show’ or CARDeposit Canceled. Code. 4 – Other Fraud – Card Absent. The cardholder may be the customer or the someone who lent their card to a friend or relative. If the order was genuinely not as described, then the cardholder has a case. It depends on the chargeback reason code associated with the dispute. The chargeback period, or the time limit for filing a chargeback, depends on the card scheme and the chargeback reason code. 105. Cardholder Disputes. If a customer makes a chargeback request on the basis that he or she has not authorised the transaction, the customer's bank will charge the transaction back to the merchant’s bank. Older time limits for disputes vary based on reason code; in many cases buyers have 120 days after a purchase to file a chargeback. 2. If they think it does, they assign it a reason code and credit the funds back to the cardholder’s account. However, Visa is the largest card brand in both the United States and the world. Chapter 4: American Express Chargeback Reason Codes; Chapter 5: Mastercard Chargeback Reason Codes; Chapter 6: Visa Chargeback Reason Codes; Chapter 7: Chargeback responses;. Reason Code 53: Not as Described or Defective Merchandise. Knowing these codes can help you dispute chargebacks more effectively. Step 1: Identify the Source. . Cancel a timeshare within 12 days of the receipt or contract date. Chargeback reason codes will usually provide specific information about what kind of evidence is needed to get the chargeback reversed. ’Last updated: October 15, 2019 . However, you’re not alone; they create headaches for many players within the Mastercard ecosystem. 2. Discover Chargeback Reason Codes Explained. American Express Chargebacks / Disputes. A02 = No valid authorisation. What follows is a quick reference guide for all the current reason codes for each of the four major credit card networks: Visa, Mastercard, American Express, and Discover. 1? Visa chargeback reason code 12. According to our research, friendly fraud will represent six out of every ten chargebacks filed in North America by 2023. [noun]/* kə • stə • mər • di • spyo͞ot/.